阅读理解 For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatu

阅读理解

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early periods, had something to do directly with such basic physiological (生理的) “drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise. It is now clear that this is not so.

Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was supplied. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to the right or the left if the movement “switched on” lights-and indeed that they were able to learn quite complex (复杂的) turns to bring about this result, for example, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.

Papousek's lights were placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they could “smile and bubble” when the lights were turned on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental (基本的) human urge (欲望) to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional (有意的) control.

1．According to the author，babies learn to do things which ________．

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A．will satisfy their curiosity（好奇）

B．will meet their physical needs

C．have something to do with pleasure

D．will bring them a feeling of success

2．Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby ________．

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A．would make learned responses when it saw the milk

B．would continue the simple movements without being given milk

C． would turn its head to the right or the left when it had enough to drink

D．would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink

3．In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ________.

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4．The babies would “smile and bubble” at the lights because ________．

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A．they succeeded in “switching on” the lights

B．the sight of the lights was interesting

C．they need not turn back to watch the lights

D．the lights had something to do with some basic “drives”

5．According to Papousek，the pleasure babies get in achieving something is reflection（反映） of ________.

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A．a fundamental human urge to show their learned skills

B．the satisfaction of certain physiological needs

C．a basic human urge to understand and control the world

D．their strong urge to solve complex problems

试题答案

答案：D;B;D;A;C